A Devil by Any Other Name

Surfing the web, I found this delightful list of the top ten depictions of Satan in movies from the website Listverse.

http://listverse.com/2008/05/16/top-10-depictions-of-satan-in-movies/

Going through the numbers, I can't help but think of how this list is a wonderful summary of the class materials so far. With only one more week to go, I find it fascinating that so much ground has been covered that I can look at a list such as this and point to a particular historical period, document or philosophy that informs a certain depiction.

For example, #9 on the list is straight-up Book of Job Satan, while the #5 entry is the classical big-red and horned devil from Tim Curry. Of course, the South Park devil is mentioned (furthering some of the Romantics' philosophy about humanizing and glorifying Satan's human characteristics), as well as the Robot Devil from Futurama (one of my personal favorites.)

In addition to some of these, I find it interesting that some of these depictions involve women and children. This was a question that I thought of a few times during the class: With women being persecuted with such ferocity during the ages, why isn't it common to see Satan as a woman? Granted, there are a few exceptions (Morgan LeFey, Lilith), but it seems as if they are more in service to the Devil rather than the actual thing. Perhaps as time goes on, depicting Satan as a female will grow in use.

Overall, I found this quick list a wonderful way to begin to wrap up our class going into the final week. Look at the variety! There are far more versions of the Devil than versions of God in the media. After this class, I feel that due to the habit that societies have with scapegoating and eventually challenging authority, these vastly different interpretations of the Devil are natural.

Anyway, the Devil is far more interesting in his depiction in movies. There are like what, TWO different types of Gods possible in comparison? Morgan Freeman and a big white dude with a beard don't really trump the variety of an Al Pacino Devil.

Clubbing Baby Seals and Other Things That Are Typically Frowned Upon...

So, I ran into this little music video while I was surfing on YouTube. I typically watch video game movies or comedy videos on YouTube, so I get recommendations all the time for stuff that I usually just ignore. However, this particular video caught my eye a couple of days ago and, needless to say, I had to click on it:

Stephen Lynch is a singing comedian, and I do remember hearing a few of his songs a couple of years back. This particular song I didn't remember at all, so it was fun both as a fan of comedy and as a semester student of Satan (trademarked phrase of mine, by the way) to see how, in such a short video, what the big images of Satan are in the 2000s.

Remembering our class discussion on the differences between Milton's Satan and Mephistopheles, I thought it was interesting that this video seems to lean much to the latter in its comic portrayal of the Devil. I also find it fascinating that a few of the political values of the republican party have been placed into Satan's mouth by the opposing party (and vice versa), keeping the spirit of demonization alive and well in this modern age. Lynch also describes Satan in a very Bacchus/Pan-like way with "little devil horns and a little goatee... and little cloven hooves that make it kinda hard to ski."

I also wonder if perhaps the beginning of Satan loving to make deals and best people in contests stem from Faust and the clever, trickster nature of the character in that work. Perhaps it was only with joining the charismatic and intelligent Satan in Milton's epic with the comic Mephistopheles in Faust that eventually gives birth to the idea of "The Devil Went Down to Georgia" and "The Devil and Daniel Webster": A character that is both inhumanly intelligent and evilly tricky.

Anyway, just a quick blog post about a video I saw the other day that YouTube recommended to me. The Devil just seems to be everywhere these days.

A Devilish Game

I’d like to talk about something called “creepypasta.” 

It’s about to get weird. 

About a year ago, I wrote a research paper about the genre of creepypastas, and while I don’t have any factual evidence to back up this claim, I do think that I was one of the first people to academically discuss and explore the nature of this internet phenomenon. In general, a “creepypasta” is a story meant to unnerve the reader. Originally, they were short stories first posted on internet forums like 4chan or Reddit and have since morphed into  full-length or (sometimes) novel-length stories. They are generally horror-themed and written by amateurs, and you would not be far off the mark to consider them current urban legends. 

The conclusion of my research paper (in case you’re interested) was that “folk” literature often highlights a society’s fear of the unknown; I compared American colonizers in the 1500s/1600s and their fear of the forests and native inhabitants of the area as explored through their use of Indian Captivity Narratives to our current society’s fear of the unknown personified by the internet and how that fear is explored by the genre of creepypastas.

Anyway, with that rambling done, I’d like to talk about one creepypasta called, “The Devil Game.” 

A few creepypastas are written as “rituals” and as I was reading the “Kali Tantra,” I was reminded of a few stories I had read in the past. Specifically, this one: 

For those who'd like to read the story, the text is right here: 

http://www.creepypasta.com/the-devil-game/

While a bit long, I do enjoy this set of instructions on how to speak with the Devil, and with the modern day touches the creepypasta has (leaving your cell-phone out, etc.), I couldn't help but think of how the Kali Tantra ritual would address such modern day accessories. 

And this brings up an interesting idea: Are rituals meant to be more for the practitioner than anything/anyone else? Why do rituals have such an importance on separating from the "modern" world? Are rituals such as the Kali Tantra or The Devil Game, in similarity to Jesus's time in the desert, meant to be a time for seclusion and introspection while we are confronted with ourselves? Like Batman in Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns, must we retreat to our bat cave to "find our strength"? I find it interesting that the Devil in this creepypasta must be seen through a mirror, and you can never take your eyes of it without serious consequences. 

Batman... Because why not?.... From DCcomics.com

The idea of doing a ritual to attain some sort of magical reward is a cool connection to our studies about how the early Christian church tried so hard to squash those types of rituals of the "pagans" both philosophically and practically. However, these ideas still persisted, especially in the use of the Catholic devotions to particular saints. Even in this creepypasta, the idea of performing a set of rituals to communicate with the "other" power in order to "get" something is still alive and well. 

As well as with the meditation on the nature of ritual, I find the image of the Devil in this creepypasta interesting when compared to the roots of the character we find in Zoroastrianism and in the Hebrew Bible. He seems more cool, calm and collected... The image that I have when I think of the Devil in the modern times. And speaking of modernity, without spoiling the story, I do love how this character is placed in the Internet Age. It will be interesting to see how and why these changes occur over the ages. 

It will be awesome to study this story further after this class has ended and the arc of the character of Satan is fully articulated. Perhaps there are more connections that I'm not thinking of or am ignorant of, and it would be cool to see how all of these different tributaries connect to the source river.  

Brace Yourself, [something super clever and relevant] is Coming...

Throughout last week’s discussion of the Vedic traditions, and the explanation of the “Great Gob of Godly Goo,” I was often reminded of Game of Thrones. Now, to be honest, lots of things remind me of Game of Thrones, but specifically, I was reminded of the religions depicted in the novels, and their similarities to what we were studying. I might not be the first person who has talked about the various religions George R. R. Martin has conceived, but hey, I need to up my “cool” quotient with this blog, and I think some “cool” pics of dudes with swords will help. 

And what post about Game of Thrones would be complete without a picture of Tyrion Lannister?

From www.storyepic.com

Before we begin, I must bring up a quick caveat: I have not seen the TV show. I’m a nerd; I’m a geek. I’ve only read the books. With that being said, I find that the religions in the Game of Thrones universe are one of the most fascinating and intriguing aspects to its story. More than the executions, the politics and the deceptions, the religions of the Seven (New Gods), the Lord of Light (R’hllor), and the Old Gods need, nay, deserve more attention in popular culture. 

So, this is my good deed for the day.

First off, let’s examine the Seven Gods as mentioned by “The Faith.”

The Seven aspects of God... From gameofthrones.wikia.com

The Father - Represents judgement

The Mother - Represents motherhood and nurturing

The Warrior - Represents strength, courage and victory

The Maiden - Represents innocence and chastity 

The Smith - Represents crafts and labor

The Crone - Represents wisdom

The Stranger - Represents death and the unknown

Each one of these Seven is said to be merely an aspect of a singular deity who happens to take on one of these forms during certain occasions. Throughout the novels, the explanation of this doctrine is said to be akin to light reflecting off a diamond: One can only see the light from one facet shining at the moment, but there is a completely whole diamond behind it. These New Gods are called “New” because they were the gods worshiped by the conquerers who came to the land of Westeros thousands of years before the start of the novels. The Seven are worshiped in large cathedrals with their respective statues on display and with public festivals in their honor, and the Faith itself is run by priests, nuns and it even has (in the later books) a military. 

As we discussed in class, the Vedic idea of "Maya" using "Brahman" to give shape and difference to reality (and gods) is very similar to this "separation" that the Seven have. In  addition to this Vedic connection of the "gods" truly being aspects of one "god", there is also a connection to the Christian idea of the Trinity. Although the Game of Thrones more than doubles the number of moving parts, in essence, there is almost no difference between the theological philosophy of the Seven versus the division of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. 

A quick aside: One of the main characters in the book ends up in an assassin’s cult that serves the God of Many Faces (some say that this god is, in reality, the Stranger from the Seven). This new god is explained to the character by the leader of the cult who says that the city is full of foreigners and numerous strange faiths, so in a syncretic practice (my words, not the character's) they eventually developed a god who is, more or less, every god and thus, a faceless and singular deity. Perhaps it is my ignorance of the nuance of Hindu traditions, but this new role of the Stranger from the Seven reminds me of the Vedic concept of depicting gods with several heads and arms in order to depict their variety of duties, powers and aspects. 

From wikikrishna.com

Pumpkin carving of the "Faceless God", with a face? ... From Pintrest.com

It is also interesting that the servants of this "Faceless God" deal with death, but in such a way that it treats death very similarly to the idea of a "Kalpa" turning; destruction is a new beginning and is a gentle translator that ends an old world and transitions to a new one. 

Now, let’s change gears and look at R’hllor, the Lord of Light.

Azor Ahai is the religion's reborn savior.... From comicfan22.wordpress.com

The slogan of the religion... From housesigilsandmottoes.tumblr.com

This focus on the divine light fighting and overcoming the maleficent darkness sounds very familiar to Zoroastrianism; it should come as no surprise that within this darkness there are evil things that are intent on destroying the world of Man. In addition to the "darkness" dynamic, this R'hllor religion is similar to the early Christian practice of depicting dark and evil creatures that are controlled by a stronger and more evil "other" (typically the Devil). In fact, George R. R. Martin takes this idea to the extreme by calling those who bring about this darkness the "Others." 

This fire religion grows exponentially in the series and often wins its converts by painting a stark black and white difference between their Lord of Light and everyone else's sinful and evil traditional practices. The priests of light are extremely intolerant of other religions, and do indeed imply and sometimes outright state that the deities of non-believers are demons or servants of the coming darkness. This attitude eerily echoes the practice of both the early Christian movement and the later Christianized Roman Empire and their persecutions and demonizations of non-Christians and their practices. As stated before, like its real-world counterpart in Christianity, this "light/fire" religion is a swiftly growing faith throughout the books, first showing up as a strange and foreign practice in the second book of the series, and then becoming one of the premier and influential faiths by the end of the fifth. Again, as mentioned in my last blog post, the trope of goodness overcoming evil through a champion of the light is a common theme, and even this fictional light religion is no exception. “Azor Ahai” is the champion of light for this faith, and it is said that he shall be reborn before the end of days and lead the world against the armies of evil. So far, no one has claimed this title “for real” in the books, although there are certainly many candidates. 

Also, the priests of this religion stare intently into fires and believe they can read the future within the flames. They also believe in human sacrifice by burning important and influential people at the stake. It's a pretty intense faith.

Okay, one more R'hllor picture (Obviously, this is my favorite religion in the books...) 

From www.keepcalm-o-matic.co.uk

Finally, the "Old Gods" of the story are so named because they were the original deities worshiped in the world. Although adherents are fairly uncommon in the series, there is still a thriving yet small group of people who worship these "Old Gods,” and these ancient deities are represented by trees and other “wild” images in the woods. These practices were eventually stamped out by the newer religion of the Seven (The New Gods), and perhaps I’ve had some inception-like influence with all of the Pan imagery this week, but I can’t help but think that this idea of an older, “wilds-worshiping” tradition being supplanted by a more codified, Empire-like religion is something that has a real historical precedent with the early Roman pagan religions threatened by the newer and more Christianized Roman Empire after Constantine the Great. 

("Unrelated" music video, but it deals with woods/Pan imagery and this post is fairly wordy anyway. Also, it references the Devil, and this is a History of Satan class.)

There is one more major religion depicted in the books that also deserves attention, but, sadly, I don't have the time or room to explore it. It's interesting though! It deals with drowning people, and it has a sea god, and the people who practice it live on the beach and drink seawater! Cool stuff. 

Ultimately, I find it exhilarating that ideas spread thousands of years in the past are still referenced and continue to influence so much in this modern era. Hopefully, with this attitude, these ideas can continue to be preserved and with a little bit of luck, these historically and culturally important philosophies won't go the way of the "Old Gods" in Game of Thrones.

Speaking of the "Old Gods", perhaps Hipster Jon Snow says it best:

By the way, if you are so inclined, here are some good websites that give a more general overview of the religions discussed (plus the one I didn't have time to cover!)

http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/06/13/game_of_thrones_religions_old_gods_new_gods_and_more_explained_video.html

http://awoiaf.westeros.org/index.php/Faith_of_the_Seven

Interestingly enough, there was not a single picture of a "dude with a sword" in this entire post, thus invalidating the whole "cool" thing I was trying to go for in the beginning.... And no, the "Warrior" in the picture of the Seven doesn't count.

I'll Be Late for Tiamut's Family Reunion...

Throughout the first week of this course, two names from our readings and class discussions kept buzzing around my mind looking for a place to connect: Ahriman and Ahura Mazda. I knew I had heard them before, and I had a vague idea, even without the readings and class discussions, what concepts they might represent, but where had I heard these names before kept bugging me. They sounded so familiar, but I had no idea where or when I had heard them. 

Then, like a blast of recognition (possibly from Ohrmazd himself), I remembered: The Prince of Persia. 

More specifically, this particular game from 2008:

From IGN.com

Looking back, I should not have been so surprised that a few video game developers working on a title based in the time of the Persian Empire looked to the Persian religion of Zoroastrianism for its influences, but the depth and faithfulness to the religion's story was the most surprising to me. In addition to the general theme of the game (banishing a darkness that has infected the world), this video game acquaints you on familiar terms with the desires of Ahriman and Ohrmazd. Unfortunately, the game itself wasn’t the best, but the story was engaging and has now become even more interesting with this connection to Zoroastrianism.

Let’s take a look at the story. 

You begin the game with the world looking like this:

From IGN.com

Then Ahriman is released, and it turns into this:

From Hardcoregaming101.net

Now, let’s see what the Greater Bundahishn has to say about Ahriman’s release into the world (From Tablet IV):

11. He made the world so much invisible, at noon, that [the Sky held the darkness, below and above the Earth,] just like a dark night....

15. He let loose noxious creatures over the Earth; biting and venomous [noxious creatures,] such as [the dragon,] serpent, scorpion, [venomous lizard, tortoise,] and frog, [so crawled and thereby polluted the Earth] that he did not leave [any part of the Earth] even as much as the point of a needle free from noxious creatures. [51] [16. Thereupon, the Earth spoke: " May revenge come to these revengers, in this dispensation in which they are produced."]

17. He [so] brought poison over the Tree that it withered immediately.

[18. Thereupon, the Spirit of the Tree spoke: "Owing to her devotion, Ohrmazd will cause the Tree to grow."] 

19. He let loose Greed, Needfulness, [Pestilence,] Disease, Hunger, Illness, Vice and Lethargy on the body of , Gav' and Gayomard...

From Avesta.org

As you can see with the screenshot above, there is a tree that has been corrupted. There is also a man, the Prince, and a woman, a priestess named Elika. Although their names are not "Gav'" and "Gayomard,"  SPOILERS FOR THE GAME, just as Gav' dies in the story, so does Elika pass away in the game.

Although the game does take some interesting liberties with the story of Ahriman's release, there are still servants and creatures that he lets loose. One of the most interesting, with her connection to the religious story, is the character the game calls the Concubine:

From thegamecritique.com

Perhaps the evil spirit-woman “Jahi” in the Greater Bundahishn who convinces Ahriman to arise from his stupor of 3000 years influenced the creation of this particular video game character and her motives? 

Overall, the goal of the game is to “cure” these afflicted lands with Ohrmazd's/Ahura Mazda's power that flows through Elika, eventually returning the world from its corrupted state to its natural state and conquering the forces of darkness in the process.

At the end, you fight Ahriman, of course. It is an interesting fight, and one that is seen through the deity's point of view. (Unfortunately, I could only find the video of this fight in Italian on YouTube... Maybe you can pretend Ahriman is the devil in Dante's Divine Comedy while on vacation?)

The story of this game has always interested me and "stuck" with me, even though the last time I played this game was many years ago. It seems as if, like what was discussed in class, Zoroaster tapped into something primordial about the human condition and our innate fear of darkness. Could it be that human societies and their effects on religion (or vice versa) led to this trope being so common and so influential? Not only is the theme of darkness vs. light common in religion and religious symbology, but as we have just seen, that theme is continued in current video games like the Prince of Persia and in Dark Souls.

As a quick side note, Dark Souls is infamous for being an extraordinarily difficult game, and you are only safe at places called “bonfires.” These bonfires are sources of light and comfort in a dark and hostile world. These havens are where you level up, become stronger, and rest the character before going out to fight the creatures of the coming darkness. 

A Bonfire.... From dark souls.wikia.com

In addition to this, the game's predecessor, Demon's Souls, begins its story with a dark fog covering the world that you must fight against. (From Software, the developers, must have a "thing" for this darkness trope.)

Fog over the land in Demon's Souls... From demonssouls.wikidot.com

Since darkness and the unknown are such common fears throughout human history, a creature that embodies the "evil" of those things is an attractive foe to rally against. Along with that enemy, it seems that a "champion” of the light who is meant to oppose and overcome them is an essential ingredient for this mythology “working”, and perhaps our hope for goodness ultimately prevailing is one of the reasons for this trope’s enduring legacy. From the Enuma Elish and Beowulf to the New Testament, The Neverending Story and to the latest video games, Zoroaster’s philosophy and his dark servants of Ahriman seemed to have influenced the past and will continue to shape our philosophies in unprecedented ways.